Dimethylammonium-Containing Perovskite Devices

The present disclosure relates to a perovskite that includes ABX.sub.3, where A is an organic cation, B is a second cation, X is an anion, and the perovskite has a film density (.rho.) of less than 4.37 g/cm.sup.3. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the film density may be in the range, 4.1 g/cm.sup.3.ltoreq..rho..ltoreq.4.37 g/cm.sup.3. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the organic cation may include at least one of dimethylammonium (DMA), guanidinium (GA), and/or acetamidinium (Ac). In some embodiments of the present disclosure, A may further include cesium.