Hybrid Perovskite Bulk Photovoltaic Effect Devices and Methods of Making the Same

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a perovskite crystal having a ferroelectric domain aligned substantially parallel to a reference axis. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the perovskite crystal may include ABX.sub.3, where A is a first cation, B is a second cation, and X is an anion. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, A may include an alkyl ammonium cation. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, B may include a metal element. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the metal element may include lead. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, X may include a halogen. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the perovskite crystal may include methylammonium lead iodide.