North American Natural Gas Market and Infrastructure Developments Under Different Mechanisms of Renewable Policy Coordination

Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) accelerate renewables deployment but their impact on fuel-fired plants remains ambiguous. North American natural gas consumption has been growing due to its decreasing cost in North America, policy initiatives, and its relatively low CO₂ emissions rate compared to coal. In this paper, we study the implications for the natural gas sector of more stringent RPS under different coordination schemes in an integrated North American natural gas market. The scenarios assume that Renewable Energy Certificates generated in each region are traded 1) among all countries, 2) only within each country, and 3) only within model regions. We implement the three policies in four different energy and electricity models to generate projections of future natural gas consumption. Subsequently, we feed regional or country-level consumption changes of each model in each scenario to the North American Natural Gas Model. We find that lower RPS coordination among regions results in increased U.S. natural gas exports to Canada, increased U.S. natural gas prices, and decreased net U.S. natural gas exports to Mexico in the long term. Moreover, international coordination of RPS in the electricity sector leads to smaller price discrepancies in the U.S. natural gas market when compared to the reference scenario.