Transparent, High-Charge Capacity Metal Mesh Electrode for Reversible Metal Electrodeposition Dynamic Windows with Dark-State Transmission <0.1%: Article No. 2200854

Dynamic windows allow user control over light and heat flow to save energy and maximize comfort. Reversible metal electrodeposition (RME) dynamic windows can uniquely tint to a color-neutral privacy state (0.1% visible light transmission). The design parameters of transparent metal mesh counter electrodes for high-contrast RME dynamic windows: high transparency, charge capacity and surface area with low haze, sheet resistance and cost are discussed, concluding that woven metal meshes meet these design parameters. Electroplated current is measured on an indium tin oxide electrode and two meshes with different wire spacings, showing the meshes' cylindrical geometry enable them to draw more current per square area. The mesh material composition is analyzed to ensure cycling durability in a Cu-Bi electrolyte by developing a transparent mesh with an inert core (stainless steel, SS), a thin Au coating, and a high charge-capacity (1.5 C cm-2) Cu-Bi outer coating. The study demonstrates that the films maintain a consistent Cu:Bi ratio and optical properties after 250 privacy cycles or 1500 cycles to 10% transmission, showing that the Cu and Bi coating is effective in keeping the films from becoming Cu rich with cycling. Finally, a 100 cm2 device with excellent uniformity and color neutrality is demonstrated.